Feb 18 2024

60 Centered Heavy Duty Flail Row Mower with Hammer Blades

60 Centered Heavy Duty Flail Row Mower with Hammer Blades


60 Centered Heavy Duty Flail Row Mower with Hammer Blades


60 Centered Heavy Duty Flail Row Mower with Hammer Blades



60 Centered Heavy Duty Flail Row Mower N Style 3pt. This commercial flail is ideal for mowing the growth between the rows and/or mulching your pruning in place. The mowing width on the FMC is centered behind your tractor for easy control of where you mow. The FMC has a strong box channel 3-point frame and a deck with additional reinforcement. You have clump buster bars that assist the mulching action of this flail. Comes with our 27 ounce EFGC all crop hammer style blades installed. These blades chop grass, weeds and brush in one pass. Centered Commercial flail has 65 HP cast-iron gearbox. Multiple drive belts assure power to the blades. Adjustable rear roller with mud scraper bar, heights of 0 to 6 inches. “Y” grass/rock blades are optional. Under deck clump busters. Zero cutting width offset keeps your flail where you want it. Rear height adjusting roller with tapered ends to eliminate gouging when turning. Optional hydraulic offset control available. Zero – Centered Cut. Optional “Y” Rock Blades. Series 4 Quick Connect, Shear Bolt, 6-Spline. Will attach to the following Tractor Brands with Cat. John Deere, Kubota, Massey Ferguson, Ford, New Holland, International, Jinma, Yanmar, Mahindra, Montana, Branson, Case, Cub Cadet, Farm Pro, Farmall, Foton, Iseki, Kioti, Mitsubishi, Nortrac, Rhino, SAME, Satoh, TYM, Tytan, Zetor. Local pick-up available at our location on weekends by appointment only. Farmer Helper Machinery Brand. Commercial use 180 days. Use at address that is not yours, is considered commercial use. Consumable, Expendable, Wear Items Examples:Rubber & plastic parts, hydraulic hoses, belts, tires, cables, blades, tines, wedges, teeth, tips, chains, pins, brushes, filters, etc. Assumes no responsibility for labor. PERMISSIBLE BY APPLICABLE LAW, BETST, LLC. THE FOREGOING EXCLUSIONS OF IMPLIED WARRANTIES DO NOT APPLY TO THE EXTENT PROHIBITED BY LAW. PLEASE REFER TO YOUR LOCAL LAWS FOR ANY SUCH PROHIBITIONS THERE SHALL BE NO LIABILITY FOR PRODUCT LIABILITY OR LIABILITY ON THE PART OF BETST, LLC. Or any authorized agent liable for injury or damages of any kind or nature, direct, consequential, or contingent, to person or property. The sole and only remedy in regard to any defective products shall be the repair or replacement thereof as herein provided. Agent(s) of Betst, llc. Shall not be liable for any consequential, special, incidental or punitive damages resulting from or caused by any such defects. Pow’R'kraft Brand. Consumable, Expendable, Wear Items Examples: Rubber & plastic parts, hydraulic hoses, belts, tires, cables, blades, tines, wedges, teeth, tips, chains, pins, brushes, filters, etc. Assumes no responsibility for outside labor.


Feb 16 2024

KUBOTA Front Mower F3680 and F3690 3 FRONT WHEEL SPACERS

KUBOTA Front Mower F3680 and F3690 3 FRONT WHEEL SPACERS


The item made from forged aluminium. Designed and CNC machined in Australia. Suitable for Front wheels.


Feb 14 2024

KUBOTA Front Mower F3680 and F3690 2 FRONT WHEEL SPACERS

KUBOTA Front Mower F3680 and F3690 2 FRONT WHEEL SPACERS


The item made from forged aluminium. Designed and CNC machined in Australia. Thickness: 2 inch (51mm). Suitable for Front wheels.


Feb 11 2024

55? Gold Ditch Bank Flail Mower, VL-AGFN140

55? Gold Ditch Bank Flail Mower, VL-AGFN140


55? Gold Ditch Bank Flail Mower, VL-AGFN140


55? Gold Ditch Bank Flail Mower, VL-AGFN140


55? Gold Ditch Bank Flail Mower, VL-AGFN140


55? Gold Ditch Bank Flail Mower, VL-AGFN140


55? Gold Ditch Bank Flail Mower, VL-AGFN140


55? Gold Ditch Bank Flail Mower, VL-AGFN140


55? Gold Ditch Bank Flail Mower, VL-AGFN140


55? Gold Ditch Bank Flail Mower, VL-AGFN140


55? Gold Ditch Bank Flail Mower, VL-AGFN140


55? Gold Ditch Bank Flail Mower, VL-AGFN140


55? Gold Ditch Bank Flail Mower, VL-AGFN140


55 Commerical Duty (Roadside) Open Rear Flail Mower Cat-2. AGFN takes our AGF mower and adds an openable rear deck for faster mowing when you do not need fine mulching (it is also nice for changing blades) a holder for your hoses when not attached and a floating right side 3-point connection to allow the mower greater flex when following the contours of the ground. AGFN verge flail muchers are super heavy duty mowers designed for Cat-II tractors. They feature very heavy 43 ounce cutting blades that can chop heavy brush including grasses, debris, sticks, vines, branches and other wooded materials up to 4 in Diameter. The mower head is attached to a hydraulic arm allowing you to swing the mulcher beyond your tractors wheels. The head may be pivoted hydraulically up 90 degrees for hedge or hill side work or down 55 degrees for ditch or bank work. Connect it to our optional 4-way hydraulic control valve with a hydraulic float and the mulcher will follow the contours of the terrain. 7 feet 8.4 inches. 5 feet 10 inches. Minimum weight tractor & loader. Up 90 degrees, down 55 degrees. Vertical Pivot 145 degrees, angle up 90 degrees, angle down 55 degrees or float. Hydraulic source must be constant flow for powering mower control valve. Control valve is optional. It is not included with mower. We recommend use of 4-way valve with a detent for float position. When the float spool is connected to the vertical pivoting cylinder, this will allow mower to float and naturally follow the ground contour. Balanced Rotor & Shaft. Closed Rear Panel (AGF). Adjustable rear deck (AGFN). 3-Pt Cat II Connection Width. 30.5″ – 41.5″. Series 5 Quick Connect, Shear Bolt Std. Weight (AGFN, AGF is less). Will attach to the following Tractor Brands with Cat. John Deere, Kubota, Massey Ferguson, Ford, New Holland, International, Jinma, Yanmar, Mahindra, Montana, Branson, Case, Cub Cadet, Farm Pro, Farmall, Foton, Iseki, Kioti, Mitsubishi, Nortrac, Rhino, SAME, Satoh, TYM, Tytan, Zetor. Local pick-up available at our location on weekends by appointment only. Farmer Helper Machinery Brand. Commercial use 180 days. Use at address that is not yours, is considered commercial use. Consumable, Expendable, Wear Items Examples:Rubber & plastic parts, hydraulic hoses, belts, tires, cables, blades, tines, wedges, teeth, tips, chains, pins, brushes, filters, etc. Assumes no responsibility for labor. PERMISSIBLE BY APPLICABLE LAW, BETST, LLC. THE FOREGOING EXCLUSIONS OF IMPLIED WARRANTIES DO NOT APPLY TO THE EXTENT PROHIBITED BY LAW. PLEASE REFER TO YOUR LOCAL LAWS FOR ANY SUCH PROHIBITIONS THERE SHALL BE NO LIABILITY FOR PRODUCT LIABILITY OR LIABILITY ON THE PART OF BETST, LLC. Or any authorized agent liable for injury or damages of any kind or nature, direct, consequential, or contingent, to person or property. The sole and only remedy in regard to any defective products shall be the repair or replacement thereof as herein provided. Agent(s) of Betst, llc. Shall not be liable for any consequential, special, incidental or punitive damages resulting from or caused by any such defects. Pow’R'kraft Brand. Consumable, Expendable, Wear Items Examples: Rubber & plastic parts, hydraulic hoses, belts, tires, cables, blades, tines, wedges, teeth, tips, chains, pins, brushes, filters, etc. Assumes no responsibility for outside labor.


Feb 10 2024

Compact Tractor And Flail Mower


Feb 8 2024

41 Field Flail Mower Cat. I 3pt 20HP+ Rating (FH-EF105)

41 Field Flail Mower Cat. I 3pt 20HP+ Rating (FH-EF105)


41 Field Flail Mower Cat. I 3pt 20HP+ Rating (FH-EF105)


41 Field Flail Mower Cat. I 3pt 20HP+ Rating (FH-EF105)


41 Field Flail Mower Cat. I 3pt 20HP+ Rating (FH-EF105)


41 Field Flail Mower Cat. I 3pt 20HP+ Rating (FH-EF105)


41 Flail Mower FH-EF105. Looking for better finished cut then the brush mower, the flail can provide a much better finished look. Mulch your prunings – with the mulching blade option. This mower will mulch your prunings up to 1 diamter. Rear roller and adjustable side skids to control height of the mower. This flail mower is designed for cutting grass, cover crops, or swap to the mulching blades and it is great for mulching tree prunings and light brush. Comes with reversible “Y” blades with precise blade overlap. Comes with shear bolt PTO shaft for standard 1-3/8 6-Spline PTO. Height adjustments from 0 – 6 inches. Balanced rotor and shaft. Powder coat paint finish. Distance Right of Center Mount: 20.62 inches or 24.87 inches. Grass Blades: 36 Blades. Mulch Blades: 18 Mulch Blades. Housing Thickness: 4 MM. Width: 19 3/4″ – 27 1/2″. Driveline Type: Series 4 1-3/8″ SPL w/QD x 1-3/8″ SPL w/ Shear Bolt. Crated Weight: 409 Lbs. Will attach to the following Tractor Brands with Cat. John Deere, Kubota, Massey Ferguson, Ford, New Holland, International, Jinma, Yanmar, Mahindra, Montana, Branson, Case, Cub Cadet, Farm Pro, Farmall, Foton, Iseki, Kioti, Mitsubishi, Nortrac, Rhino, SAME, Satoh, TYM, Tytan, Zetor. Local pick-up available at our location on weekends by appointment only. Farmer Helper Machinery Brand. Commercial use 180 days. Use at address that is not yours, is considered commercial use. Consumable, Expendable, Wear Items Examples:Rubber & plastic parts, hydraulic hoses, belts, tires, cables, blades, tines, wedges, teeth, tips, chains, pins, brushes, filters, etc. Assumes no responsibility for labor. PERMISSIBLE BY APPLICABLE LAW, BETST, LLC. THE FOREGOING EXCLUSIONS OF IMPLIED WARRANTIES DO NOT APPLY TO THE EXTENT PROHIBITED BY LAW. PLEASE REFER TO YOUR LOCAL LAWS FOR ANY SUCH PROHIBITIONS THERE SHALL BE NO LIABILITY FOR PRODUCT LIABILITY OR LIABILITY ON THE PART OF BETST, LLC. Or any authorized agent liable for injury or damages of any kind or nature, direct, consequential, or contingent, to person or property. The sole and only remedy in regard to any defective products shall be the repair or replacement thereof as herein provided. Agent(s) of Betst, llc. Shall not be liable for any consequential, special, incidental or punitive damages resulting from or caused by any such defects. Pow’R'kraft Brand. Consumable, Expendable, Wear Items Examples: Rubber & plastic parts, hydraulic hoses, belts, tires, cables, blades, tines, wedges, teeth, tips, chains, pins, brushes, filters, etc. Assumes no responsibility for outside labor.


Feb 8 2024

Value-Leader 41? VL-AGL Silver Ditch Bank Flail Mower, VL-AGLB105

Value-Leader 41? VL-AGL Silver Ditch Bank Flail Mower, VL-AGLB105



41? VL-AGL Silver Ditch Bank Flail Mower, VL-AGLB105. Looking for a better way to cut the ditch or bank? Our hydraulic offset pivoting verge mower is flexible and perfect for the job. This verge flail mower will make your project look great. Works just like any normal flail mower pulled directly behind the tractor and with the standard hammer blades it can mulch up to 2 in diameter objects. Same, amazing AGL mower but with premium features to set it apart from the rest. AGL Silver(AGLB) has a Multiple V-Belt drive with automatic belt tension & holder for hoses. AGL Gold(AGLC) also has a Multiple V-Belt drive with automatic belt tension along with a hydraulic flow control for smoother movement of the mower. Cat I – 3 pt w/s Spline PTO drive shaft. Hydraulic up 90° and down 60° movement. Side to side movement for hard to reach areas. Rear roller with adjustable cutting height. 65 horsepower gear box. Uses EF & EFG series blades with Optional Y “rock knifes”, grooming mulch blades, and the standard all purpose hammer blades. Articulates 100% passed the right arm horizontally, and adds an additional 20 in the vertical position. Extra strong and built with safety in mind. Durable Powder Coat Finish. Will attach to the following Tractor Brands with Cat. John Deere, Kubota, Massey Ferguson, Ford, New Holland, International, Jinma, Yanmar, Mahindra, Montana, Branson, Case, Cub Cadet, Farm Pro, Farmall, Foton, Iseki, Kioti, Mitsubishi, Nortrac, Rhino, SAME, Satoh, TYM, Tytan, Zetor. Local pick-up available at our location on weekends by appointment only. Farmer Helper Machinery Brand. Commercial use 180 days. Use at address that is not yours, is considered commercial use. Consumable, Expendable, Wear Items Examples:Rubber & plastic parts, hydraulic hoses, belts, tires, cables, blades, tines, wedges, teeth, tips, chains, pins, brushes, filters, etc. Assumes no responsibility for labor. PERMISSIBLE BY APPLICABLE LAW, BETST, LLC. THE FOREGOING EXCLUSIONS OF IMPLIED WARRANTIES DO NOT APPLY TO THE EXTENT PROHIBITED BY LAW. PLEASE REFER TO YOUR LOCAL LAWS FOR ANY SUCH PROHIBITIONS THERE SHALL BE NO LIABILITY FOR PRODUCT LIABILITY OR LIABILITY ON THE PART OF BETST, LLC. Or any authorized agent liable for injury or damages of any kind or nature, direct, consequential, or contingent, to person or property. The sole and only remedy in regard to any defective products shall be the repair or replacement thereof as herein provided. Agent(s) of Betst, llc. Shall not be liable for any consequential, special, incidental or punitive damages resulting from or caused by any such defects. Pow’R'kraft Brand. Consumable, Expendable, Wear Items Examples: Rubber & plastic parts, hydraulic hoses, belts, tires, cables, blades, tines, wedges, teeth, tips, chains, pins, brushes, filters, etc. Assumes no responsibility for outside labor.


Feb 2 2024

68 Centered Heavy Duty Flail Row Mower with Hammer Blades

68 Centered Heavy Duty Flail Row Mower with Hammer Blades


68 Centered Heavy Duty Flail Row Mower with Hammer Blades


68 Centered Heavy Duty Flail Row Mower with Hammer Blades


68 Centered Heavy Duty Flail Row Mower with Hammer Blades


68 Centered Heavy Duty Flail Row Mower with Hammer Blades


68 Centered Heavy Duty Flail Row Mower with Hammer Blades


68 Centered Heavy Duty Flail Row Mower with Hammer Blades


68 Centered Heavy Duty Flail Row Mower with Hammer Blades


68 Centered Heavy Duty Flail Row Mower N style 3pt. This commercial flail is ideal for mowing the growth between the rows and/or mulching your pruning in place. The mowing width on the FMC is centered behind your tractor for easy control of where you mow. The FMC has a strong box channel 3-point frame and a deck with additional reinforcement. You have clump buster bars that assist the mulching action of this flail. Comes with our 27 ounce EFGC all crop hammer style blades installed. These blades chop grass, weeds and brush in one pass. Centered Commercial flail has 65 HP cast-iron gearbox. Multiple drive belts assure power to the blades. Adjustable rear roller with mud scraper bar, heights of 0 to 6 inches. “Y” grass/rock blades are optional. Under deck clump busters. Zero cutting width offset keeps your flail where you want it. Rear height adjusting roller with tapered ends to eliminate gouging when turning. Optional hydraulic offset control available. Zero – Centered Cut. Optional “Y” Rock Blades. Series 4 Quick Conenct, Shear Bolt, 6-Spline. Will attach to the following Tractor Brands with Cat. John Deere, Kubota, Massey Ferguson, Ford, New Holland, International, Jinma, Yanmar, Mahindra, Montana, Branson, Case, Cub Cadet, Farm Pro, Farmall, Foton, Iseki, Kioti, Mitsubishi, Nortrac, Rhino, SAME, Satoh, TYM, Tytan, Zetor. Local pick-up available at our location on weekends by appointment only. Farmer Helper Machinery Brand. Commercial use 180 days. Use at address that is not yours, is considered commercial use. Consumable, Expendable, Wear Items Examples:Rubber & plastic parts, hydraulic hoses, belts, tires, cables, blades, tines, wedges, teeth, tips, chains, pins, brushes, filters, etc. Assumes no responsibility for labor. PERMISSIBLE BY APPLICABLE LAW, BETST, LLC. THE FOREGOING EXCLUSIONS OF IMPLIED WARRANTIES DO NOT APPLY TO THE EXTENT PROHIBITED BY LAW. PLEASE REFER TO YOUR LOCAL LAWS FOR ANY SUCH PROHIBITIONS THERE SHALL BE NO LIABILITY FOR PRODUCT LIABILITY OR LIABILITY ON THE PART OF BETST, LLC. Or any authorized agent liable for injury or damages of any kind or nature, direct, consequential, or contingent, to person or property. The sole and only remedy in regard to any defective products shall be the repair or replacement thereof as herein provided. Agent(s) of Betst, llc. Shall not be liable for any consequential, special, incidental or punitive damages resulting from or caused by any such defects. Pow’R'kraft Brand. Consumable, Expendable, Wear Items Examples: Rubber & plastic parts, hydraulic hoses, belts, tires, cables, blades, tines, wedges, teeth, tips, chains, pins, brushes, filters, etc. Assumes no responsibility for outside labor.


Feb 1 2024

60 Standard Multi-Duty Flail Mower Cat. I 3pt 24+HP Rating (FH-EFG155)

60 Standard Multi-Duty Flail Mower Cat. I 3pt 24+HP Rating (FH-EFG155)


60 Standard Multi-Duty Flail Mower Cat. I 3pt 24+HP Rating (FH-EFG155)



60 Flail Mower Cat. The EFG Series (Medium Duty) Flail Mower is an option if you are working on grass or brush. Ideal for an orchard, nursery, vineyard, in the greenhouse or for gardening. With its fast blade tip speed and interchangeable blades it is perfect for your groundskeeping tasks. By putting on the Grass Mulching Blades you can maintain the grass area around your home, plus cut and mulch small twigs. If you need to maintain more dense areas, install the Hammer Blades and you will be able to cut and mulch wooded material up to 2 inches in diameter. This model is great for acreage of 15 or less. Flail Mowers are useful for jobs where you are cutting grass on uneven ground, high grass, weeds, brush, and wooded material. A flail mower doesn’t throw grass, instead it cuts finely and leaves the cuttings on the ground where it was cut making it an excellent choice for those places where you could cause damage by throwing debris. Highway mowing and park maintenance often use flail mowers because they are less likely to throw objects during cutting. Comes with hammer Blades with precise blade overlap. Standard 3-Pt Category I Hitch Mount. Shear Bolt PTO Shaft for Standard 1-3/8 6-Spline PTO. PTO Driveline Included Free of Charge. Adjustable finished cutting height (both Rear Roller & Skids). Balanced Rotor and Shaft. Powder Coat Paint Finish. Distance Right of Center Mount. 31.25 inches or 35.50 inches. Series 4 Quick Connect, Shear Bolt Std. Overall Width: The EFG 155 has a overall width of 67? . Cutting Width: The EFG 155 has a tilling width of 60? . Weight: The EFG 155 has a weight 635 lbs. HP Requirements at PTO: The EFG 155 requires 24 – 45 PTO horsepower depending on the size of the unit. Cutting Height: The EFG series has a 0″ – 6″ Adjustable to meet various height requirements Housing Material Thickness: The EFG series has a housing of Reinforced 8 gauge. Side Plate Thickness: The EFG series has a side plate thickness of 1/4. Blade Type: The EFG series uses standard hammer blade or reversible Y-blades. Each hammer blade weighs 14 oz made of cast steel (cast steel is much more durable than cast iron). The Y-blades weigh 5.6 oz. Use the hammer blades for clearing saplings (2 diameter or less), and the Y-blades for grasses. Number of Blades: The EFG 155 uses 24 hammer blades or 48 Y-blades. Precision Blade Overlap: On the EFG series the blades are staggered precisely with no gap in the mowing area. Blade overlap is important to achieve an even cutting result. Hinged Rear Gate: This allows for easy inspection, cleaning, blade changing, and maintenance of your machine. The rear gate can also be left open for easier discharge in heavy conditions, or you can close the gate to greater mulching. Rotor Rotation – Reverse: The rotor spins in the opposite direction as the wheels of the tractor when traveling forward. This allows the blades to shear the material as it is folded forward by the mowers. The material is then thrown up and over the rotor. Rotor Tube Diameter: 4 1/2- Heavy duty steel tubing for long life. Balanced Rotor Tube: The rotor tube is balanced to reduce vibration and ensures that the mower runs smooth, and reduces wear on the bearings. Rotor Swing Diameter: 13 Large swing so that the blades build required inertia. Hitch Type: Category 1 standard 3-point. Offset From Center Mount: This feature allows for offset from center to the right of the tractor. This feature is helpful for mowing around fences, buildings; walkways etc. From the center of the PTO the mower extends 31 1/4″or 35 1/2″. Drive Belts: The EFG 155 uses 3 belts. Heavy duty proven oil bath gearbox for long life. Driveline / PTO Shaft: Shear Bolt PTO Shaft for Standard 1-3/8 6-Spline PTO Finish: Baked on powder coat, powder coat is superior to paint. This ensures that you get a trouble free machine from the get go. When you need technical help or parts, our courteous staff can help you get what you need from our fully stocked warehouse. Will attach to the following Tractor Brands with Cat. John Deere, Kubota, Massey Ferguson, Ford, New Holland, International, Jinma, Yanmar, Mahindra, Montana, Branson, Case, Cub Cadet, Farm Pro, Farmall, Foton, Iseki, Kioti, Mitsubishi, Nortrac, Rhino, SAME, Satoh, TYM, Tytan, Zetor. Local pick-up available at our location on weekends by appointment only. Farmer Helper Machinery Brand. Commercial use 180 days. Use at address that is not yours, is considered commercial use. Consumable, Expendable, Wear Items Examples:Rubber & plastic parts, hydraulic hoses, belts, tires, cables, blades, tines, wedges, teeth, tips, chains, pins, brushes, filters, etc. Assumes no responsibility for labor. PERMISSIBLE BY APPLICABLE LAW, BETST, LLC. THE FOREGOING EXCLUSIONS OF IMPLIED WARRANTIES DO NOT APPLY TO THE EXTENT PROHIBITED BY LAW. PLEASE REFER TO YOUR LOCAL LAWS FOR ANY SUCH PROHIBITIONS THERE SHALL BE NO LIABILITY FOR PRODUCT LIABILITY OR LIABILITY ON THE PART OF BETST, LLC. Or any authorized agent liable for injury or damages of any kind or nature, direct, consequential, or contingent, to person or property. The sole and only remedy in regard to any defective products shall be the repair or replacement thereof as herein provided. Agent(s) of Betst, llc. Shall not be liable for any consequential, special, incidental or punitive damages resulting from or caused by any such defects. Pow’R'kraft Brand. Consumable, Expendable, Wear Items Examples: Rubber & plastic parts, hydraulic hoses, belts, tires, cables, blades, tines, wedges, teeth, tips, chains, pins, brushes, filters, etc. Assumes no responsibility for outside labor.


Jan 31 2024

61? Gold Ditch Bank Flail Mower, VL-AGFN160

61? Gold Ditch Bank Flail Mower, VL-AGFN160


61? Gold Ditch Bank Flail Mower, VL-AGFN160


61? Gold Ditch Bank Flail Mower, VL-AGFN160


61? Gold Ditch Bank Flail Mower, VL-AGFN160


61? Gold Ditch Bank Flail Mower, VL-AGFN160


61? Gold Ditch Bank Flail Mower, VL-AGFN160


61? Gold Ditch Bank Flail Mower, VL-AGFN160


61? Gold Ditch Bank Flail Mower, VL-AGFN160


61? Gold Ditch Bank Flail Mower, VL-AGFN160


61? Gold Ditch Bank Flail Mower, VL-AGFN160


61? Gold Ditch Bank Flail Mower, VL-AGFN160


61? Gold Ditch Bank Flail Mower, VL-AGFN160


AGFN takes our AGF mower and adds an openable rear deck for faster mowing when you do not need fine mulching (it is also nice for changing blades) a holder for your hoses when not attached and a floating right side 3-point connection to allow the mower greater flex when following the contours of the ground.